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[Music]

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[Applause]

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thank you for showing up late in the day

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and thanks to the ICT program for

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funding this has developed me we just

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started a few months ago we're gonna

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continue for the next couple years and

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I'm speaking on behalf of the mass spec

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orchid team oops

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oh sorry those zeros got it and I just

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wanted to tell you what our objectives

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are we're interested in searching for

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organic bio signatures and indicators of

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habitable conditions on both current and

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former ocean worlds so we love Europa

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I love Enceladus we all love Titan after

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the glorious announcement this afternoon

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but we're also interested in other

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places like Ceres it might tell

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something up

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former ocean worlds processes so we're

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interested in developing general

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capabilities to assess bio signatures

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and habitability and so what I mean by

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organic bio signatures so we're very

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interested in some of the classical

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tests for bio signatures things like the

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distributions of simple amino acids this

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is aspartic acid Peter Willis gave a

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great overview these kinds of concepts

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more complex molecules that might be

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only produced by biological processes as

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well as carboxylic acids you could have

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simple carboxylic acids that might

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either service food sources or as

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products of metabolism as well as lipid

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forming carboxylic acids and you can't

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see this in this image - well I'm sorry

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to say but this is just one example of a

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complex type of organic material known

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as a human some people think that this

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is a reasonable analogue to the organic

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material that's been found in Enceladus

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and we're interested in trying to

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characterize these types of materials on

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the other bodies as well as more geo

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processed products of these kinds of

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substances like keratin for example and

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then when I mean ability indicators I'm

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talking about both both individual

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molecules so you could imagine we're

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very interested in is their source

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sources of nitrogen on Europa surface or

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in the ocean that might support

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habitable conditions as well as

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reactions so if you want to assess is

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there enough chemical energies to

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support life well you can't just say

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there's there's high

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there's energy you actually have to

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consider full reaction so for example if

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you're interested in meth Anna Genesis

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you need measurements of co2 hydrogen

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and methane so you can evaluate the

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potential for chemical energy makes our

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jobs a little bit harder just to

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illustrate why this is useful and why

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you might care about this a couple years

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ago we had a paper analyzing this in the

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Enceladus plume we had these

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measurements of coexisting hydrogen

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methane and co2 and when you have those

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measurements then you can construct

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these types of frameworks for evaluating

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how much chemical energy there is in

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that environment so this is known as the

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chemical affinity number of kilojoules

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so that's energy content as a function

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of different geochemical conditions and

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we identified this as the sweet spot for

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Enceladus is ocean for Europa's ocean we

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have no idea so that's why we're very

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interested and this just makes the point

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that in addition to organic molecules

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and biomolecules we should also think

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very seriously about simpler molecules

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that could affect biological processes

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some aspects Orca is a collaboration

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between three institutions and so we I'm

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just going to show you schematically

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what the instrument entails and what

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we're hoping to build so we have a front

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end that's being developed by APL I hope

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they still have time to do this work

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after winning that contract and then we

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also have the University of Michigan

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who's building a GC device and I'll get

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into this this is a really cool

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development and then lastly the detector

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is a mass spectrometer so I'm going to

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mainly talk about the swery mass

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spectrometer known as mass pecks

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but we also have a different option that

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we're investigating from the University

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of Bern known as a neutral gas mass

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spectrometer and so we value ating the

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trade because Murray's math specs is

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very souped up and it's very capable but

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it's more costly in terms of spacecraft

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resources and then the bern instrument

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is our lower resource options we're

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trying to assess the resource

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requirements versus a science payoff

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just to kind of set the context and

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peter did a good job on this tip in very

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simple terms I think we're going to be

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faced with this inconvenient truth about

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Europa and other ocean worlds that

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they're probably going to be impure

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bodies hosting

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phlex mixtures if we look at meteorites

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or natural water natural waters on the

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surface of the earth is a guide so we're

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not going to have like one amino acid

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encased in ice and be able to quantify

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detection limits in that way we have to

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figure out some way to handle complex

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mixtures of various substances and how

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we do this this just kind of shows you a

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flowchart of how the front end of Orca

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is designed to work so you can imagine

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you start with a mixture of all sorts of

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interesting things like salt water

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different gasses organics refractory or

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light organics and then you have to find

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a way to methought systematically

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simplify the mixture and analyze them so

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that's what we're developing to do so

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you can start with this horrible mixture

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it's very interesting you can do a first

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step where you melt the ice and then you

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can purge the headspace you can analyze

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some volatile so that's step one then

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the next step you can envision start

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heating this mixture up that's leftover

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and you can drive away the water you can

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drive off some of the lighter

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hydrocarbons like the gasoline type

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hydrocarbons analyze those with a GC and

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a mass spec and then we were doing this

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other development I'll detail the next

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slide we're exploring options for how

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we'd analyze amino acids using things

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like derivatives a ssin and salt removal

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and the final part of this process

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leverages some of the development that

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people have done in the past like the

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sam investigation where you just start

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baking this stuff and then you can break

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off different pieces of this complex

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organic material and you can learn

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something about its chemical character

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which is really useful to know here's

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the wet lab desalination ship so why we

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think this is so useful and important is

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because if you have a lot of salts like

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which just recently rediscovered just a

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couple weeks ago they can interfere with

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chemical derivatives ation reactions

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which make a meet amino acids amina bowl

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- GC analysis so gotta figure out a way

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to deal with salts and what we're

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developing an APL has been building this

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device is you can imagine you start with

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a mixture of water salts and amino acids

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and then they have an exchange resin so

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when you flush this solution through

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there what happens is the amino acids

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stick to the resin and the salts get

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flushed out into the waste

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and then you do a subsequent illusion

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with ammonium hydroxide and that can

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pull out the amino acids so that's a way

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to do the separation and this figure

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here just shows a lab demonstration of

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how that works so you have a calcium

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chloride brine you start flushing it

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through the amino acid sticks to the

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resin the calcium chloride just goes

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straight through perfectly happy and

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then you do the ammonium hydroxide wash

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and oh and you see tryptophan this is I

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think this is one of the really cool

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things I'm willing to risk my neck but

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this could be the future of GC for

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spaceflight missions so you might have

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dealt with GC in the laboratory that's

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like these horrible metal coils and

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cages and it's wrapped around there and

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it takes a lot of space it's difficult

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to handle

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well what we're developing is a micro

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device chief see so you can see here

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these are dimensions it's on the order

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of centimeters or inches and the column

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is actually etched on a silicon chip

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right there so this is a column that's

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actually 10 meters long but it doesn't

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take up ten meters of space it's

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actually really small and nice to use

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and so what you actually do is you pump

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in a sample that goes through a pre

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concentrator so you get a nice plug of

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organics and then you thermally desorb

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it through this column and then you can

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do analysis so we have one option where

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you could do an alternative analysis

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with a micro photo ionization detector

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or we can also just go directly into the

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mass spec and our lab model we just plug

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in a USB Drive directly into a data

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acquisition board and we start getting

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some data here's some data we've

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collected with the IC to investigation

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so this is just a really simple mixture

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to demonstrate the proof-of-concept so

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we just did a quick isothermal and some

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temperature wrap ramping shown here and

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then in a span of like two minutes

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you're able to separate these simple

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hydrocarbons from pentane to no-name

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pretty effectively with this small

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device so we're feeling pretty

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optimistic that this might have some

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promise what's to come so the really

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cool thing is you can actually then add

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additional columns on the same silicon

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chip so you have the first GC column

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like we all know and it gives you all

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these peaks and you can add a second

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column after that

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and it adds greater ability to separate

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because you can use different types of

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stationary phases so the first stage you

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could use like a nonpolar column then

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here you can use a polar column and you

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can pick different chiral columns so

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there's a lot of flexibility for tuning

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this two different types of analytes so

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we're really excited about that and

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here's some demonstration of what our

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Michigan team had done previously where

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they just took a mixture of 50 volatile

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organic compounds and you can see since

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it having Peaks yeah you actually get

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these little spots in two dimensions and

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what's nice about it is some of these

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spots are the same horizontal distance

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away so if you had a one dimensional

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chromatogram they would fall on top of

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each other and not be separated but if

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you have the second dimension then you

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can actually pull them away from each

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other and do a nice clean quantitative

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analysis

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here's math specs I love math specs math

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specs is being developed for Europa

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clipper so it's leveraging that heritage

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what we're really hoping to do is

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provide the local scale information to

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complement what clipper is going to tell

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us from the global perspective using the

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same instrument so it's a nice way to

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compare and contrast that mass spec

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needle up to a thousand atomic mass

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units it has a lot of flexibility for

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looking at small things or big things it

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can go up to 50,000 resolution M to

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Delta M so you can pull apart a lot of

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things that are very similar in mass and

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what we're hoping for this to be is a

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pathfinder for isotope biogeochemistry

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on the surface of icy worlds and i kind

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of show you how this works so this is a

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famous plot in geochemistry showing how

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you can organize the origin of methane

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based on carbon and hydrogen isotopes

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and there seems to be certain regimes

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that separate abiotic versus biotic

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gases so we're trying to use these kinds

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of empirical rules and rules based on

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physical chemistry and then trying to

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compare that to the data on Europa which

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we don't yet have so this is I think

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this is a nice path forward for this

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type of isotope work why you need high

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resolution so the classic case that

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we've struggled with with Cassini it's

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separating things like CEO for men -

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they have a nominal mass of 28 so

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Cassini

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we have big problems there but with math

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specs you can see in this lab

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demonstration we're nicely able to pull

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apart those Peaks and to discriminate

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between CO and n2 and this is really

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important so if you want to fill in that

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methane isotope plot well you need to

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measure both 13c methane and deuterated

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methane those both have a mass of 17 so

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that's a problem unless you have high

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resolution if you have high resolution

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it's great because these species

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actually defer at some of the decimal

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place level of mass so we like to think

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of decimal places as our friend from

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aspects and I mentioned organics our

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great interest too so here's some data

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we've generated from ic2 so far so this

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is a standard mixture called Grob

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mixture contains a suite of nonpolar or

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weakly puller organics so the examples

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I'm showing here are one octanol and

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decane this is what the manufacturer

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sends to us this is the mass specs data

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so we're able to reproduce with similar

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00:12:18,730 --> 00:12:15,860
efficiency what you can do in the

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conventional laboratory here's what the

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mass spectra looked like so these are

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from NIST these little stick figures and

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mass effects is able to produce

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comparable stick figures over a wide

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range of mass and we've just started

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working on some quantitative analysis

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this just shows some of these

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calibration curves we've generated as a

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function of concentration and then the

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peak areas that I showed in the previous

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00:12:43,870 --> 00:12:41,840
slide so it's looking pretty promising

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00:12:46,150 --> 00:12:43,880
but we'd like to improve this in the

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next year or so by starting to use

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internal standards based on fluorinated

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compounds for instance and then

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extending these to even lower

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concentrations which some people might

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expect for the surface of europa and

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with that I will open up for any

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00:13:13,960 --> 00:13:06,790
any questions for Chris yeah come use

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00:13:15,880 --> 00:13:13,970
the mic quickly so the column on the

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00:13:18,370 --> 00:13:15,890
silicon chip is really cool it's very

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innovative 1/8 but even looking at low

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masses one of the big things that makes

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a GC heavy and big is the oven part

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00:13:26,050 --> 00:13:24,830
right and you need it for baked outs to

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00:13:27,970 --> 00:13:26,060
make sure you keep your column clean so

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00:13:29,200 --> 00:13:27,980
then what's the temperature what's the

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high temperature you can get to with the

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00:13:33,730 --> 00:13:30,950
chip column the high temperature I think

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is around 350 degrees Celsius yeah

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00:13:43,930 --> 00:13:42,040
anything else go for it

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00:13:45,700 --> 00:13:43,940
so do you guys have have you been able

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00:13:48,280 --> 00:13:45,710
to measure any changes in flow rate

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00:13:51,160 --> 00:13:48,290
along this kind of more circuitous path

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00:13:53,500 --> 00:13:51,170
I don't know what maybe the University

365
00:13:55,630 --> 00:13:53,510
of Michigan team has but we have haven't

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00:13:57,670 --> 00:13:55,640
had that test with math specs yet so

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00:13:59,710 --> 00:13:57,680
what we're hoping to do with ic2 is we

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00:14:01,360 --> 00:13:59,720
want to interface them together and then

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00:14:03,370 --> 00:14:01,370
test for these various organic mixtures

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00:14:08,340 --> 00:14:03,380
so we'll have those data hopefully next